據當地媒體報道，盧森堡（Luxembourg）首相格扎維埃·貝泰爾（Xavier Bettel）承認其碩士論文抄襲。此前媒體總共56頁的論文只有兩頁不是抄襲的。他表示會“自然地接受”大學重新審查論文後的決定。
無註釋原文：
‘Only two pages’ of Luxembourg PM’s university thesis were not plagiarised
The Guardian
Luxembourg’s prime minister， Xavier Bettel， has admitted his university thesis “should have been done differently” after a media investigation concluded that only two of the work’s 56 pages had not been plagiarised。
A local news outlet， reporter。lu， said on Wednesday that Bettel had lifted three-quarters of the text， describing it as “an impressive hodgepodge of copied passages that does not meet the customary requirements of academia”。
Bettel， 48， who has been prime minister since 2013， said the thesis was more than 20 years old and written with a clear conscience。 But “from today’s standpoint， it could have – yes， maybe should have – been done differently”， he said。
Bettel said he had full confidence in the University of Lorraine in eastern France to assess whether the work met its standards at the time， and that he would “naturally accept” its decision， even if it meant his qualification was withdrawn。
The thesis was written as part of an advanced diploma – roughly the equivalent of a master’s degree – in public law and political science that Bettel completed at what was then known as the University of Nancy in the same year he entered parliament。
Reporter。lu said thethesis， called Toward a Possible Reform of Voting Systems in the European Parliament， contained lengthy passages of text that had been lifted unattributed from two books， four websites and a press article。
It said only “a few paragraphs in the introduction” and “an equally short conclusion” had not been copied wholesale， amounting to an exercise in plagiarism “unparalleled in its scope” – a verdict that it said had been confirmed by independent experts。
Fully 20 pages of the thesis were lifted straight from the website of the European parliament in defiance of a clear copyright warning， it said， with nine more taken from a 1998 report by a Greek MEP and further passages copied from a standard introductory textbook on the EU’s institutions。
“The plagiarism I found is very problematic because long passages were transferred almost word for word，” Anna-Lena Högenauer， a political science professor at the University of Luxembourg， told the outlet。 “You can’t accidentally copy several pages。”
Nicolas Sauger， a political scientist at Sciences Po in Paris， said Bettel’s thesis was unoriginal and poorly researched， and the plagiarism “too extensive to be reasonable”。 But the prime minister’s former supervisor， Etienne Criqui， said standards were different before the invention of plagiarism-detecting software。
The scandal is the latest plagiarism row to hit a high-profile European politician in recent years， with Germany the worst affected。 Germany’s family minister Franziska Giffey was forced to step down in May over claims she plagiarised her doctoral thesis。
In 2013 Annette Schavan， then the education minister， had to step down after the University of Düsseldorf stripped her of her doctorate， while two years earlier defence minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg resigned for the same reason。
- ◆ -
注：中文文字為機器翻譯僅供參考，並非一一對應
含註釋全文：
‘Only two pages’ of Luxembourg PM’s university thesis were not
plagiarised
The Guardian
Luxembourg’s prime minister，
Xavier Bettel
， has admitted his universitythesis“should have been done differently” after a media investigation concluded that only two of the work’s 56 pages had not beenplagiarised。
盧森堡（Luxembourg）首相格扎維埃·貝泰爾（Xavier Bettel）承認，他的大學畢業論文“本應該採取不同做法”，因為媒體調查得出結論，該論文的56頁中只有兩頁沒有抄襲。
thesis
thesis /ˈθiːsɪs/ 表示“論文，畢業論文，學位論文”，英文解釋為“a long piece of writing about a particular subject that you do as part of an advanced university degree such as an MA or a PhD”。
plagiarize/plagiarise
plagiarize /ˈpleɪdʒəˌraɪz/ 作動詞，表示“剽竊，抄襲”，英文解釋為“to use another person‘s ideas or work and pretend that it is your own”舉個：
The book contains numerousplagiarizedpassages。
該書有許多段落是抄襲的。
plagiarism /ˈpleɪdʒəˌrɪzəm/ 名詞，表示“剽竊”，英文解釋為“Plagiarism is the practice of using or copying someone else’s idea or work and pretending that you thought of it or created it。”舉個：
Now he‘s in real trouble。 He’s accused of plagiarism。
現在他陷入真正的麻煩了。他被指控剽竊。
A local newsoutlet，
reporter.lu
， said on Wednesday that
Bettel
hadliftedthree-quarters of the text， describing it as “an impressivehodgepodgeof copied passages that does not meet thecustomaryrequirements of academia”。
當地一家新聞媒體reporter。lu週三稱，貝泰爾抄襲了四分之三的內容，並將其描述為“令人印象深刻的抄襲大雜燴，不符合學術界的慣例要求”。
outlet
outlet/outlets一詞經常出現，media outlet / news outlets 都可以表示媒體/新聞機構；
outlet本身表示“商店，商行；銷售公司；專賣店；直銷店”，英文解釋為“An outlet is a shop or organization which sells the goods made by a particular manufacturer or at a discount price， often direct from the manufacturer。”如：a fast-food outlet 快餐店 a retail outlet 零售店，舉個：
At the factory outlet you‘ll find discounted items at up to 75% off regular prices。
在工廠的直銷店裡，你會找到比常規價低75%的打折商品。
而我們日常生活中常見的“奧特萊斯”商場就是outlets的音譯，指的就是品牌直銷購物中心。
lift
熟詞僻義，可以表示“偷竊，偷盜”（to steal something），也可以表示“剽竊”，英文解釋為“to use someone else’s writing， music， or idea， pretending that it is your own”舉個：
He‘dliftedwhole passages from a website。
他從網站上整段整段地剽竊文章。
hodgepodge
hodgepodge /ˈhɒdʒˌpɒdʒ/ = hotchpotch 表示“雜亂無章的一堆東西；大雜燴”，英文解釋為“a confused mixture of different things”
customary
customary相當於usual，表示“慣常的”，舉個：
She’s not hercustomarycheerful self today。
她今天不像往常那樣樂呵呵的。
美劇《權利的遊戲》（Game of Thrones）第二季中的臺詞提到：It wascustomaryfor me to extend him an invitation。 邀請他前來赴宴是一種習俗。
Bettel
， 48， who has been prime minister since 2013， said the thesis was more than 20 years old and writtenwith a clearconscience。 But “from today’s standpoint， it could have – yes， maybe should have – been done differently”， he said。
48歲的貝泰爾自2013年以來一直擔任總理，他說這篇論文有20多年的歷史，寫的時候問心無愧。但“從今天的角度來看，它本可以——是的，也許應該——換種方式”，他說。
conscience
表示“良心；良知”，英文解釋為“the part of you that judges how moral your own actions are and makes you feel guilty about bad things that you have done or things you feel responsible for”，如：a guilty conscience 問心有愧，舉個：
You didn‘t do anything wrong - you shouldhave a clear conscience（= not feel guilty）。
你沒做錯什麼——你應該覺得問心無愧。
Bettel
said he had full confidence in the University of Lorraine in eastern France to assess whether the work met its standards at the time， and that he would “naturally accept” its decision， even if it meant hisqualificationwas withdrawn。
貝泰爾說，他完全相信法國東部的洛林大學（University of Lorraine）能夠評估該論文是否符合當時的標準，而且他“自然會接受”該大學的決定，即使這意味著他的資格被撤銷了。
qualification
表示“獲得資格；合格；達到標準”，英文解釋為“success in getting into a competition”舉個：
The win earned themqualificationfor the World Cup finals。
這場勝利讓他們獲得了參加世界盃決賽的資格。
The thesis was written as part of an advanceddiploma– roughly theequivalentof amaster’s degree– in public law and political science that
Bettel
completed at what was then known as the University of Nancy in the same year he entered parliament。
這篇論文是貝泰爾在當時的南錫大學（University of Nancy）為取得公法和政治學高階文憑（大致相當於碩士學位）所寫的。同年，貝特爾進入議會。
diploma
表示“學位證書；大學文憑”，英文解釋為“a document given by a college or university to show that you have passed a particular exam or finished your studies”。
equivalent
1）作形容詞，表示“（價值、數量、意義、重要性等）相等的，相同的”，英文解釋為“equal in value， amount， meaning， importance， etc。”舉個：
Eight kilometresis roughly equivalent tofive miles。
八公里約等於五英里。
2）作名詞，表示“相等的東西；等量；對應詞”，英文解釋為“a thing， amount， word， etc。 that is equivalent to sth else”。
通常，提到Weibo時候會介紹為中國版的Twitter，常見的有幾種說法：
Weibo， China’s Twitter-like service （SCMP）
Weibo， the Chinese equivalent to Twitter （NPR NEWS）
Twitter-like Weibo （Reuters）
Weibo， a Twitter-like platform （NYT）
Master‘s degree
表示“碩士學位”，英文解釋為“an advanced college or university degree”。
Reporter.lu
said thethesis， calledToward a Possible Reform of Voting Systems in the European Parliament， contained lengthy passages of text that had been liftedunattributedfrom two books， four websites and a press article。
Reporter。lu報道稱，這篇名為《歐洲議會投票制度的可能改革》的論文抄襲了包含兩本書、四個網站和一篇媒體文章在內的未註明出處的大段文字。
attribute
表示“認為是…所為（或說、寫、作）”，英文解釋為“to say or believe that sb is responsible for doing sth， especially for saying， writing or painting sth”舉個：
This play is usuallyattributedto Shakespeare。
人們通常認為這齣戲劇是莎士比亞所寫。
It said only “a few paragraphs in the introduction” and “an equally short conclusion” had not been copiedwholesale，amounting toan exercise inplagiarism“unparalleledin its scope” – averdictthat it said had been confirmed by independent experts。
報道稱，只有“引言中的幾個段落”和“同樣簡短的結論”沒有全盤抄襲，算得上是抄襲“範圍前所未有”的行為——報道稱這一結論已被獨立專家證實。
wholesale
1）表示“批發的；躉售的”，英文解釋為“connected with goods that are bought and sold in large quantities， especially so they can be sold again to make a profit”如：wholesale prices 批發價格。
2）表示“大規模的（破壞/變動）”，英文解釋為“happening or done to a very large number of people or things”舉個：
They are only doing what is necessary to preventwholesaledestruction of vegetation。
他們只是在做為防止植被遭大規模破壞而必須做的事情。
amount to
1）表示“（數量上）達到，總計”，英文解釋為“if figures， sums etc amount to a particular total， they equal that total when they are added together”，舉個：
Time lost through illnessamounted to12 working days。
因疾病而損失的時間總計為12個工作日。
2）表示“等於，相當於”，英文解釋為“if an attitude， remark， situation etc amounts to something， it has the same effect”，舉個：
The court’s decisionamounts toa not guilty verdict。
法庭的裁決等於是宣判無罪。
unparalleled
表示“無雙的，無比的；空前的”，英文解釋為“having no equal； better or greater than any other”舉個：
They enjoyed success on a scaleunparalleledby any previous rock band。
他們取得了以前任何流行樂隊都無法比擬的成功。
verdict
1）表示“（經過檢驗或認真考慮後的）決定，結論，意見”，英文解釋為“a decision that you make or an opinion that you give about sth， after you have tested it or considered it carefully”舉個：
The doctor’sverdictwas that he was entirely healthy。
這名醫生的判斷是他完全是健康的。
2）另一個常用含義，表示“裁定，裁決，裁斷”（In a court of law， the verdict is the decision that is given by the jury or judge at the end of a trial。）
電影《真實故事》（True Story）中的臺詞提到：And the verdict was you‘re a liar。而判決是，你是個騙子。
Fully 20 pages of the thesis were lifted straight from the website of the European parliamentindefianceofa clearcopyrightwarning， it said， with nine more taken from a 1998 report by a Greek MEP and further passages copied from a standardintroductorytextbook on the EU’s institutions。
報道稱，論文中有整整20頁是無視明確的版權警告而直接從歐洲議會的網站上摘取的，還有9頁來自一位希臘議員1998年的報告，還有一些段落是從一本關於歐盟機構的標準入門教材中抄襲的。
defiance
defiance /dɪˈfaɪəns/ 表示“對抗；對立；違抗”，英文解釋為“behaviour in which you refuse to obey someone or something”舉個：
Nuclear testing was resumedin defiance of an international ban。
儘管國際上明令禁止，核試驗又在進行了。
copyright
表示“版權，著作權”，英文解釋為“the legal right to control the production and selling of a book， play， film， photograph， or piece of music”
introductory
1）表示“引導的；序言的”，英文解釋為“written or said at the beginning”如：an introductory chapter 序篇。
2）表示“首次的（存在，使用或經歷）”，英文解釋為“existing， used， or experienced for the first time”，如：an introductory course in design （= a course for people who have not done it before） 設計入門課程。
“The plagiarism I found is very problematic because long passages weretransferredalmost word for word，”
Anna-Lena Högenauer
， a political science professor at the University of Luxembourg， told the outlet。 “You can’t accidentally copy several pages。”
盧森堡大學（University of Luxembourg）政治學教授安娜·萊娜·霍根瑙爾（Anna-Lena Högenauer）告訴該媒體：“我發現的抄襲是非常有問題的，因為長的段落幾乎是一字不差地搬過來的。不可能是一不小心複製好幾頁內容。”
transfer
表示“搬；轉移”，英文解釋為“to move someone or something from one place， vehicle， person， or group to another”舉個：
He has beentransferredto a psychiatric hospital。
他被轉到了一家精神病醫院。
Nicolas Sauger
， a political scientist atSciences Poin Paris， said
Bettel
’s thesis was unoriginal and poorly researched， and the plagiarism “too extensive to be reasonable”。 But the prime minister’s former supervisor，
Etienne Criqui
， said standards were different before the invention of plagiarism-detecting software。
巴黎政治學院（Sciences Po in Paris）的政治學家尼古拉·索格（Nicolas Sauger）說，貝特爾的論文沒有原創性，研究不充分，抄襲“範圍太廣，不合理”。但這位總理的前導師艾蒂安·克里基（Etienne Criqui）說，在發明抄襲檢測軟體之前，標準是不同的。
The scandal is the latest plagiarismrowto hit ahigh-profileEuropean politician in recent years， with Germany the worst affected。 Germany’s family minister
Franziska Giffey
was forced tostep downin May over claims she plagiarised her doctoral thesis。
這一醜聞是近年來歐洲知名政治家遭遇的最新抄襲風波，其中，德國受影響最嚴重。德國家庭部長弗朗西斯卡·吉菲（Franziska Giffey）在5月被迫下臺，因為她被指控博士論文剽竊。
row
表示“吵架；爭吵；嚴重分歧；糾紛”，英文解釋為“a noisy argument between two or more people；a serious disagreement between people， organizations， etc。 about sth”舉個：
Arowhas broken out over education。
在教育問題上出現了嚴重分歧。
profile
profile一詞經常出現，1）表示“（有關某人的）簡介，概況”，英文解釋為“A profile of someone is a short article or programme in which their life and characterare described。”舉個：
A newspaper publishedcomparative profilesof the candidates’ wives。
一份報紙刊登了候選人妻子們的對比簡介。
2）表示“關注度”，英文解釋為“If someone hasa high profile， people notice them and what they do。 If you keep a low profile， you avoid doing things that will make people notice you。”常用：a high profile 惹人注目/關注；高姿態，a low profile 不惹人注目，低姿態；如：a move that would give Egypta much higher profilein the upcoming peace talks會給埃及在即將到來的和平談判中高關注度的一個行動。
step down
step down等同於step aside，表示“退位”，英文解釋為“If someone steps down or steps aside， they resign from an important job or position， often in order to let someone else take their place。”舉個：
He has decided tostep downas captain of the team。
他決定不再當隊長。
類似的還有，
quit，除了退出，離開的含義，也有：辭去（工作）；辭職，的含義（If you quit， or quit your job， you choose to leave it。）舉個：
He quit his job as an office boy。
他辭去了辦公室勤雜員的工作。
美劇《戀愛手冊》（A To Z）中的臺詞提到：Quit my job and then ask him out？ 辭職然後約他出去？
resign1）表示“辭職”，英文解釋為“If you resign from a job or position， you formally announce that you are leaving it。”舉個：
Heresigned his positionlast month。
他上個月辭去了他的職位。
2）表示“使屈從”，英文解釋為“If you resign yourself to an unpleasant situation or fact， you accept it because you realize that you cannot change it。”舉個：
Jane and Iresigned ourselvesto yet another summer without a boat。
簡和我將就著又過了一個沒有船的夏天。
In 2013
Annette Schavan
， then the education minister， had tostep downafter the University of Düsseldorfstripped her ofherdoctorate， while two years earlier defence minister
Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg
resignedfor the same reason。
2013年，時任教育部長的安妮特·沙萬（Annette Schavan）在杜塞爾多夫大學（University of Düsseldorf）撤銷了她的博士學位後不得不下臺，而兩年前國防部長卡爾·特奧多爾·祖·古滕貝格（Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg）也因同樣原因辭職。
strip
2020年，泰國王妃被剝奪全部頭銜時，各大媒體幾乎都用了strip這個詞，後接of，strip of表示“剝奪（財產、權利）；撤銷（頭銜）”，英文解釋為“To strip someoneoftheir property， rights， or titles means to take those things away from them。”舉個：
The soldiers havestrippedthe civilians of their passports， and every other type of document。
那些士兵們已經奪走了市民的護照以及所有其他證件。
strip還有“脫衣服；脫光…的衣服”的意思，英文解釋為“to remove your clothing， or to remove all the clothing of someone else”，舉個：
He hadbeen strippednaked， beaten and robbed。
他被脫光衣服，遭受毆打，東西還被搶了。
doctorate
doctorate = doctor‘s degree表示“博士學位”，英文解釋為“the highest degree from a university”。
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LearnAndRecord
2015年2月8日
2021年10月28日
第2455天
每天持續行動學外語
